USA: Barkey farmers worry as beer loses ground

Don Nygaard, a third-generation farmer in a remote corner of North Dakota, used to grow malt barley for Rahr Malting Corp. to make lagers, pale ales and IPAs, The Western Producer reported on October 4.

But this year, he received no lucrative contracts from Minnesota-based Rahr or any beer makers, so his sprawling farm is growing food-grade barley and wheat, both crops that are priced near four-year lows.

As overall beer consumption in the United States slides to its lowest level since the 1970s, according to data from the Brewers Association, U.S. Plains states face a huge glut of barley.

Americans are buying less beer and frequenting fewer craft breweries that use even more malt per beverage.

The exploding popularity of hard seltzers and lower alcohol consumption in general have led to plummeting barley demand from beer makers. Multiple years of excellent barley crops have further depressed prices and taken away a once high-value option in a year when farmers are struggling to break even with any crops, according to farmers, agronomists, and beer industry experts.

“I’m worried with the trends that are happening,” Nygaard said.

“This winter is going to be tight for all of us trying to figure out which payments we can make.”

The most recent U.S. crop report showed the number of acres planted with barley has fallen 22 per cent from a year ago. In North Dakota, the No. 2 producing state behind Idaho, acres nearly halved from a year ago. Supplies of barley that farmers have in storage on farms are up 51 per cent from last year and are the highest since 2010, according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

U.S. malt barley prices, which farmers arrange before planting, were around $7 per bushel last year and less than $5 per bu. this year depending on location, farmers said.

“To lose one of your tools to make profit is huge. The farmers are absolutely concerned,” said Frayne Olson, crop economist at North Dakota State University.

“The vast majority of what they grow goes into the malting industry, so beer consumption makes a big difference.”

Major beer companies, including the world’s largest beer maker, Anheuser-Busch InBev, have slashed the number of U.S. barley contracts offered due to an oversupply of the crop, said Mitch Konen, vice-president of the National Barley Growers Association.

A spokesperson for AB InBev said the company has been committed to American farmers for more than 165 years.

“As the nation’s leading brewer and an American manufacturer, we purchase $700 million in the highest quality ingredients from 700 plus grower partners each year,” the spokesperson said.

AB InBev did not respond to questions about specific purchases this year or on changing beer consumption trends.

Fruit-flavoured hard seltzers, ready-to-drink cocktails and cannabis-infused beverages have chipped away at beer’s market share for years. From baseball games to booze-fuelled college fraternity parties, White Claw seltzers are almost as ubiquitous as Bud Lights. White Claw markets itself in the U.S. as free of grains, although the products may contain grain such as barley in some locations.

Many of the most popular hard seltzer brands, including White Claw, are made without barley and use fermented sugar, vodka or tequila to supply the alcohol. Some seltzers and non-alcoholic beers continue to rely on malt barley.

“Beer is the biggest loser,” Bart Watson, chief economist at the Brewers Association, said.

“There’s so much competition from products that didn’t exist 50 years ago.”

Unlike major barley exporters in the European Union and Australia, American beer drinkers end up consuming most of the malt barley produced in the U.S.

Even in rural North Dakota, advertisements for hard seltzers are plastered over billboards and abound in bars in small towns. Major malt plants, where kernels of barley are turned into the key building block for beer, are signing fewer contracts with farmers as demand from breweries wanes, farmers and economists said.

High interest rates and inflated costs of pesticides and equipment, in addition to dismal crop prices, have left farmers worried about their ability to pay back the loans that allowed them to plant their crops.

“It’s going to be one of the years where it’s tough to raise a commodity,” said Steve Sheffels, a fourth-generation barley and wheat farmer.

“Hopefully I’ll grow enough crop to cover my costs.”

A once-booming craft beer industry has slimmed down, with microbrewery closings outpacing openings for the first time in 2023, according to the Brewers Association.

Craft beer requires roughly four to five times as much malt as mass-produced beer, further denting barley demand, Sheffels said.

Kaj Peterson, lead maltster at Maltwerks, said his Minnesota-based malting plant has nearly halved its barley purchases compared to five years ago as demand from craft breweries across the state wanes.

“It’s hit our bottom line,” Peterson said.

“We’re starting to feel the pushback from breweries — they’re cutting production. It’s nerve-wracking.”

As the explosive growth of breweries has slowed, businesses left have needed to diversify their offerings to excite customers, said Mark Bjornstad, owner of Drekker Brewing Co. in Fargo, N.D.

His airy brewery is perfumed with a citrus scent from the taproom’s IPA, which the company offers along with alcoholic smoothies and non-alcoholic beers it has added to boost business.

“Customers are very discerning,” he said.

On top of bruising competition from alternative drinks, the beer industry is facing another challenge: young people are drinking less alcohol than any previous generation.

A growing “sober curious” movement, embraced by millennials and Gen-Zers and fuelled by social media, has led to drinkers re-evaluating their relationship with alcohol and sometimes choosing to abstain from it altogether.

Though healthier choices and more creative drink options have benefited customers, they have shaken the fundamentals of farmers’ business.

“I’m 67, so I did drink my share of beer growing up. Now there are these other fancy drinks that don’t need malt,” Nygaard said.

E-malt.com, the global information source for the brewing and malting industry professionals. The bi-weekly E-malt.com Newsletters feature latest industry news, statistics in graphs and tables, world barley and malt prices, and other relevant information. Click here to get full access to E-malt.com. If you are a Castle Malting client, you can get free access to E-malt.com website and publications. Contact us for more information at marketing@castlemalting.com .